BHS220 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Module 3 Case 3: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Due 29 Jan, 2018

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Suppose that a 2012 National Health Interview Survey gives the number of adults in the United States which gives the number of adults in the United States (reported in thousands) classified by their age group, and whether or not respondents have ever been tested for HIV. Here are the data:

Age Group	Tested	Never Tested
18–44 years	50,080	56,405
45–64 years	23,768	48,537
65–74 years	2,694	15,162
75 years and older	1,247	14,663
Total	77,789	134,767

Discuss probability. What is its history? What is the theory of probability? How is it calculated? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this technique?

1. Identify and discuss the two major categories of probability interpretations, whose adherents possess conflicting views about the fundamental nature of probability.

2. Based on this survey, what is the probability that a randomly selected American adult has never been tested? Show your work. Hint: using the data in the two total rows, this would be calculated as p (NT) /( p (NT) + p (T)), where p is probability.

3. What proportion of 18- to 44-year-old Americans have never been tested for HIV? Hint: using the values in the 18–44 cells, this would be calculated as p (NT) / ( p (NT) + p (T)), where p is probability. Show your work.

Submit your (2-3 pages) paper by the end of this module.

 

Part 2 SLP:

For the third component of the Session Long Project, write a (2-3 pages) paper in which you:

1. Develop a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis based on the data you have collected.

2. Discuss why you have chosen the hypotheses you developed above. Be sure to discuss the concept of null hypothesis in your response.

MODULE 1 SLP 1

MODULE 1 SLP 2

 

Statistics

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

 

Question 1

The data below represents daily water intake five days in glasses and ounces. Each glass of water is estimated to hold 8 ounces of water.

Day	Glasses of Water (F)	Ounces (Y)	(F-Mean)^2	(Y-Mean)^2
1	3	24	1	64
2	4	32	0	0
3	5	40	1	64
4	4	32	0	0
5	4	32	0	0
Total	20 glasses	160	2	128
Mean	20/5 = 4 glasses	160/5= 32 ounces
Median	20/5 = 4 glasses	160/5= 32 ounces
Mode	20/5 = 4 glasses	160/5= 32 ounces
Standard deviation	0.71 glasses	5.66 ounces

Table – daily intake of water in glasses and ounces

The mean is calculated by dividing the total number of glasses taken during the five days period divided by the number of the days. The mean of glasses of water taken during the five days period is 4 glass and the mean ounces contained in four glasses is 32 eight ounces. Subsequently, the median and mode of the data are equal. The standard deviation of glasses taken daily is 0.71 from the mean. This means that the normal daily intake of water is over three glasses to less than five glasses in a day. It is true due to the fact that daily water intake depends on the weather and the health condition of an individual. On the other hand, the ounces taken in a day tend deviates from the mean of 32 ounces by 5.66. Also, it is true since the standard deviation of daily water intake is less than one glass.

Question 2

The mean is the best measure of central tendency from the above because a related sample from the same population tends to have similar means (Jankowski & Flannelly, 2015). Also, the weighted mean assigns weigh to variables which minimize the effects of the outliers. The technique assigns weight to the glasses of water taken to reflect their significance in the results. Therefore, the calculated mean reflects the importance of each glass of water taken. Also, it takes account of uneven representation in the data to reflect a more balanced and similar interpretation of the importance of water in the human body. Finally, the mean assumes that each glass of water taken is equally important provided that it is taken within normal range.

Question 3

The data represent a normal distribution since the standard deviation shows the number of glasses of water and ounces taken every day is concentrated around the mean. A small deviation of 0.7 glasses of water shows that the data is concentrated around the mean of 4 glasses. On the other hand, the standard deviation of ounces shows that daily water intake deviates from the mean of 32 ounces by 5. 66ounces. Therefore, the number of ounces taken daily concentrated around the mean. Both the number of glasses of water and ounces are distributed around the mean.

Question 4

According to the American Heart Association, the use of birth control pills increases blood pressure in women. The study shows that overweight women are more vulnerable to increased blood pressure due the use of the contraceptives (“American Heart Association,” 2016). Also, the users of the contraceptives have higher chances of suffering from high blood pressure if they have a family history of the condition (“American Heart Association,” 2016). Finally, the study shows that women who had high blood pressure during their last pregnancy are more likely to experience the condition again after the use of the birth control pills. BHS220 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

 

References

American Heart Association. (2016, December 14). High Blood Pressure and Women. Retrieved from American Heart Association: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/UnderstandSymptomsRisks/High-Blood-Pressure-and-Women_UCM_301867_Article.jsp#.WmStS1mgfMw

Flannelly, K. J. (2015). Measures of Central Tendency in Chaplaincy, Health Care, and Related Research. PubMed, 21(1), 39-49. doi:10.1080/08854726.2014.989799

HEALTH DATA 1

HEALTH DATA 3

Trident University International

Javidi Thomas

Module 1: SLP

BHS220: Introduction to Health Statistics

Dr. Sharlene Gozalians

January 14, 2018

 

Health Data

Data is an important tool for understanding various life functions. One of the life functions that make use of data is health. Various research studies have applied both qualitative and quantitative health data towards the development of health solutions. This particular context will highlight the total daily water intake using a 5-days set of data.

Variable of Choice and Units of Measurement

As indicated in the introduction section, the daily water intake is the variable of choice. The units for measuring the daily water intake are ounces. This particular variable measurement will involve data collection from the count of the number of glasses of water taken in a day. A calibrated cup will be used for measuring the water taken in grams. After that, the grams will be converted into ounces. Standardly, I cup of water is equal to eight ounces.

Collected Data

The following set of data relates to the daily water intake in the number of glasses and ounces.

Day	Glasses of Water	Ounces
1	3	24
2	4	32
3	5	40
4	4	32
5	4	32

Table 1: Daily Intake of Water for Five Days in Ounces.

Description of Data and its Importance

The above table illustrates the tracking of day-to-day intake of water. Specifically, the data is collected on five consecutive days to provide consistency. Every glass of water in the above data set is estimated to hold 8 ounces of water. The median and mode of the water intake for the five days can be indicated to be four glasses of water. The mean of the five-day data is also 4. This average implies that the normal level of water intake for this case is four glasses of water.

According to Popkin, D’Anci & Rosenberg (2010), optimal health standards require that a normal human being takes in eight glasses of water on daily basis. However, the data at hand indicates par health standards. This inadequacy in meeting the required standards can be attributed to variations in weather and the daily activities. Furthermore, health status would also be responsible for the water consumed on a daily basis. For instance, a sick person would be more hesitant to take many glasses of water compared to a healthy individual. There might also be a variance in water consumed in the comparison of hot weather conditions and cool weather conditions. In some cases, it is also believed that the amount of food consumed would influence the water consumed on a daily basis. Therefore, the three glasses of water consumed below the average of the present data could be attributed to either cool weather conditions, bad state of health or consumption of highly hydrated foods such as fruits. On the other hand, the five glasses of water can be attributed to warmer weather conditions on the third day or the consumption of dry foods. Popkin, D’Anci & Rosenberg (2010) also indicate that the human body is largely made up of water at a 60 percent rate for the total body weight. Every body function also requires water. Considering that water is a necessity for the body, water intake levels are an effective way of monitoring individual health and the level of body functionality.

Conclusion

Indeed, water is a necessary commodity in the life of every individual. Collecting data and tracking the level of water intake within a day can be very useful in ensuring that individuals uphold the recommended standards of water intake. In the end, such data on water intake will help in providing extensive health solutions. BHS220 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

 

References

Popkin, B. M., D’Anci, K. E., & Rosenberg, I. H. (2010). Water, hydration, and health. Nutrition reviews, 68(8), 439-458.