Overview
1. Auditing
(400 per DB post) (APA format)
(No use of Artificial Intelligence) (No Plagiarism)
One of the crucial roles of an auditor is to demonstrate professional skepticism and ethical behavior to maintain integrity and confidence in the audit process.
For this week’s discussion, you will visit the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to review disciplinary orders issued to auditors and other parties who failed to maintain professional skepticism and ethical behavior. Use the following steps to choose ONE case to discuss:link: https://pcaobus.org/
- Click the link to the PCAOB websiteLinks to an external site..
- Go to "Oversight".
- Search the “Enforcement” section of the website.
- Go to “Settled Disciplinary Orders”.
- Choose a recent case (within the last two years) to discuss.
- State the Case you selected and give a brief description.
- Describe the instances where the respondents did not abide by the rules, resulting in sanctions and other penalties against them.
- State the final ruling in the case, penalties, and any additional information you would like to share.
2. Auditing
(300 per DB reply ) (APA format)
(No use of Artificial Intelligence) (No Plagiarism)
Craig Bray
Nov 18 2:11pm
Reply from Craig Bray
Accell Audit & Compliance, P.A. (PCAOB Release No. 105-2025-017, 2025)
Case Summary
The PCAOB disciplinary action In the Matter of Accell Audit & Compliance, P.A. (PCAOB Release No. 105-2025-017, 2025) concerns a Tampa-based accounting firm that failed to comply with a previous Board order issued in September 2024. In the earlier action, the PCAOB sanctioned the firm for failing to make required audit-committee communications to two issuer clients. The Board imposed a $40,000 civil monetary penalty, required Accell to implement specific remedial improvements to its audit policies and procedures, and mandated a written certification confirming completion of these actions. The 2025 order was opened because Accell did not complete any of these requirements, prompting additional scrutiny from the PCAOB regarding the firm’s compliance, accountability, and commitment to professional standards.
Instances of Noncompliance and Ethical Failures
The PCAOB found that Accell violated PCAOB Rule 5000 by failing to pay the civil penalty and by failing to provide the required certification of completed remedial measures. The Board determined that the firm’s conduct met the sanctionable conditions outlined in Section 105(c)(5) of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, which allows penalties when a firm either (1) engages in intentional or reckless misconduct that violates regulatory standards, or (2) demonstrates repeated negligent conduct that results in violations of applicable rules. Accell’s repeated neglect of mandatory obligations reflected a significant breakdown in professional responsibility and indicated weaknesses within the firm’s governance structure and tone at the top. By not adhering to the corrective actions imposed in 2024, the firm failed to protect investor interests, as adequate remediation is necessary to safeguard audit quality and ensure reliable financial reporting. Research reinforces the PCAOB’s concerns: Francis (2023) emphasizes that audit quality relies heavily on a firm’s ethical discipline, oversight effectiveness, and compliance with regulatory expectations. A firm that disregards statutory requirements and corrective mandates signals deficiencies that undermine public trust in the auditing process
Final Ruling and Penalties
Based on the firm’s ongoing noncompliance, the PCAOB permanently revoked Accell Audit & Compliance’s registration. Permanent revocation prevents the firm from issuing audit reports for public companies and represents the most severe disciplinary sanction available under PCAOB authority. The Board concluded that this action was necessary to protect investors and uphold the public interest because Accell did not demonstrate any willingness to correct previously identified deficiencies. The revocation underscores the expectation that public accounting firms must comply fully with PCAOB directives, maintain professional skepticism, and operate with ethical integrity. The case highlights the relationship between regulatory compliance and audit quality: firms that fail to meet fundamental responsibilities jeopardize the reliability of their audit work and, consequently, their ability to remain registered public accounting firms.
Case Link:
References:
Francis, J. R. (2023). Going Big, Going Small: A Perspective on Strategies for Researching Audit Quality. The British Accounting Review, 55(2), 101167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2022.101167Links to an external site.
3. Auditing
(300 per DB reply ) (APA format)
(No use of Artificial Intelligence) (No Plagiarism)
Honey Carlson
Nov 19 2:04pm
Reply from Honey Carlson
The case I picked is the PCAOB action against Bush & Associates CPA LLC. This Nevada-based audit firm got in trouble with the PCAOB because they didn't submit required AP filings on time for several of their audit reports. These forms are mandatory, and the PCAOB uses them to track exactly who worked on each audit, so missing or late filings are taken seriously.
The issues came from multiple instances where the firm didn't follow the filing rules. For one company, they issued the audit report in July 2022 but didn't file the AP form until 136 days later. For another issuer, the audit report was issued in January 2024, and the Form AP wasn't filed for 75 days. There was also a third report where the filing was 89 days late. These repeated delays showed the firm wasn't keeping up with the PCAOB's required submission deadlines.
The final ruling resulted in the firm being censured and hit with a $50,000 civil penalty. They also have to put new policies and procedures in place to make sure all future Form AP filings are done correctly and on time, along with mandatory training for their staff. Within set timelines, they have to certify that these changes were completed. The firm agreed to the settlement without admitting or denying the PCAOB's findings.
Reference: Brown, P. W. (2025, February 11). Order Making Findings and Imposing Sanctions, PCAOB Release No. 105-2025-004, February 11, 2025, In the Matter of Gabriel Jaime Lopez Diez, Respondent. Retrieved 2025,.
4. Church History II
(300-word summary ) (Summarize the Transcript Below) (Must Be in Kate Turabian Format)
(Must Mention the lecturer, Dr. Ewen Butler by NAME) (This is the first zoom session)
(0:00) Okay, for those of you who have, who are not, who were not able to join us, (0:08) the recording begins now. I forgot to turn on the record button, but we've been talking about (0:15) about reading and how to retain a lot of historical data and the importance of looking (0:22) for the big pictures and maybe the possibility of making notes to retain as much as possible (0:29) and get general, general patterns and so on. So that's what we've been talking about to this (0:33) point.
So welcome. And thanks for reminding me, Douglas. Appreciate it.
I've done that before. (0:40) Anyway. Okay.
Anybody with another question that I really appreciate this conversation because (0:47) in all of theology and history, the importance of getting the big picture is really important. Now, (0:54) if you go to, when you get to, if you're doing a thesis, a dissertation, you're going to be (1:01) zeroing in on something very specific. That's a different thing.
That's, that's, you're going to, (1:06) you're going to, you're going to try to dig up something and nobody else has ever dug up, (1:10) as it were. But in a course like this, it is super important. Yes, that you read for, (1:19) read for understanding.
I'll confess to you, my brain works the same as many of you. (1:26) When I was in high school, I had to learn history. It wasn't church history.
And the (1:32) way our textbook was set up was such a way that we had a list of this and list of that. (1:37) And I can still remember, I, I memorized all that stuff. I memorized it all for, (1:42) um, for, but for purpose of an exam.
And I realized that after I had memorized it, (1:49) after the exam was over, um, guess what? I mostly forgot it. Right. And that's not, (1:57) that's not helpful.
And so I've, I've learned since then that I don't learn, I don't learn (2:02) to memorize every bit of every name and every, but I got, I, I, I memorized for patterns for (2:10) bigger picture stuff and it helps a whole lot. Yeah. Yeah.
(2:13) Another thing I wanted to bring up though, just real quick here, (2:16) a professor at a region university wrote a book for those who have autism when it comes to like (2:23) the different languages, like Hebrew and Greek and the translations. I think he did an amazing (2:28) job. I'll have to get the name of that book and send it to you guys.
Did you, did you say professor (2:33) Graber, G-R-A-B-E-R. He recently retired, I believe this the beginning of this year, (2:39) professor Graber. And, uh, he was, he was, he was a, he's like you, sir.
He's an amazing (2:46) gentleman. Very wise. He's a G-R-A-B-E-R.
G-R-A-B-E-R. I think there's a professor Peter (2:56) Graber, G-R-A-B-E-R. I think it's similar to he's up in age.
I know that he's up. He was in (3:03) retirement age. I want to miss him.
Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
Well, I think he's in biblical studies. (3:08) Was he not? Okay. That's what we're talking about.
Yeah. I know what you're talking about. (3:12) Yeah.
I know him. Yeah. In fact, I had him as a quote for a course years ago, years ago.
(3:17) Good man. Yeah. Anything.
What about the, uh, the, what about the assignments? Uh, (3:23) the quality of the type what's being asked for any misunderstanding. So on, I think, uh, (3:29) I'm trying to explain most of it in some of the, well, first zoom call a call. And then in some of (3:34) the announcements as well, sometimes in the announcements, what I put up there is, is (3:40) actually impressions based on, uh, what was in the last assignment, for example, if it was a journal (3:47) or a, you know, or whatever, uh, so on.
Yeah. Yeah. I'm looking at the chat box here.
See what (3:55) anything is being said. Yeah. Uh, for Dina says fine reading over several times helps.
Yeah, (4:01) sure. It does. Um, yeah, these are good, uh, good points.
Good points. Yeah. Um, how many of you, (4:15) um, should just by raising hands, how many of you are actually doing history because you (4:20) are going to be pursuing history as part of your, your degree, or is it, I mean, I know you're (4:28) required to do church history one, church history two, but any of you going to pursue church history (4:33) beyond this level, anybody please say yes.
I currently volunteer in ministry in my church and, (4:40) um, and working my way onto the media online, it side or at our home church that I got to. (4:46) Okay. And, um, I find church history that is very important when it comes to the historical, (4:53) although even beat to the lighter, because it has an impact.
If you look from history, (4:58) how it went through and slowly it turned, you know, the world kind of changed, you know, (5:03) every generation changes, but then you got into the digital age and, you know, you can see a (5:08) difference as to where the golden age was a really big gap there. It was an amazing (5:14) era. The latter was great.
I love that history, especially. Yeah. This, this might be a good way (5:21) to segue into the question of, of what was on for tonight was, uh, you know, the, you've heard (5:28) the saying that those who, uh, those who don't know their history, don't care about their history (5:35) are doomed to repeat his mistakes.
And, um, you know, there's whether our own, well, it says as, (5:44) as, um, as Americans or Canadians, uh, we don't know our own history. We don't, we're operating (5:52) in a vacuum, right? We're operating in a vacuum. We don't have anything to, we don't know what (5:56) mistakes we've made and therefore we could end up falling into the same pit again.
And the same (6:01) with the church. I mean, if, if we don't understand what has happened within the church, then we, we, (6:09) we, uh, we almost inevitably going to, the question today was like, based on your primary readings, (6:15) which is like Luther and your secondary readings, which is Woodbridge, uh, how did the Catholic (6:21) church respond to the ideas and reforms of the Protestant, uh, movement? Uh, did they come up (6:27) with innovative ways? Did they add something of value and what ways did they dig their heels in? (6:33) Now, I mean, the, the Protestant reformation, the Luther really kind of just set the spark. He kind (6:41) of lit the fire and, uh, uh, Kimberly, you mentioned the, the 95 theses that were nailed to the door of (6:49) the Wittenberg church.
That was really just the tail end of what was happening. This was part and (6:54) parcel of this was in the air. I mean, there was so much corruption within the Roman Catholic church (7:00) at the time, uh, that selling those indulgences and so on and, um, absentee priest and all sorts of (7:08) things that, uh, that, um, uh, there were, you know, there was, there were, there was, there was (7:15) general upheaval and the idea, the very idea, for example, that the laity could not have their own (7:21) Bible because only the church could interpret it for them.
Um, this had been going on for a long (7:28) time. William Tyndale had translated the Bible, the New Testament, and was evicted from or excommunicated (7:35) from or sent into exile from, from England and to go to, uh, um, uh, to, um, uh, name the city. (7:45) I'm coming to me here in, um, in, uh, uh, uh, come back to me the second hour brain freeze, (7:54) but, you know, and so, uh, some of his is, uh, even my, even my nephew lives in that city right (8:00) now and, um, and, and to, uh, uh, send these Bibles, send Bibles back to England and so on.
(8:06) This was all, you know, this, this, this, this was happening. This was in the air. This was (8:10) the, the, the idea, the old, the whole idea of the Renaissance, you know, the idea of the (8:16) Renaissance was, was let's bring back the classics.
Let's bring back the Bible. Let's bring back all (8:22) of it. And, uh, this was happening.
And, uh, part of it was that people were more, became more (8:28) interested in the Bible as an ancient document. So on Kimberly, you're, you're on mute yourself, (8:38) Kimberly. Actually, I had gone from being, um, Protestant to being Catholic and then back to (8:43) Protestant, but I went through the, um, RCIA as an adult.
And so I found that a lot of it was (8:52) still, it's back, you know, going, you know, they don't bring Bibles to church or anything like (8:58) that. And I didn't notice that, you know, that as adults, people didn't really read the Bible (9:04) in the Catholic church. Cause in new Orleans where I live, a lot of the people were Catholic.
(9:10) So, um, you know, I, I just, and then I went through all of it. So being in the church myself, (9:16) and then a lot of the stuff that Martin Luther was writing, I said, I feel like that too. I feel like (9:21) that too, you know? And so, um, you know, I don't think that it goes away sometimes it goes, it goes, (9:29) but now, Oh, shoot.
No, that's no, that's an interesting point. Maybe we can come back to that (9:34) because to get your experience there, because, um, the Catholic church really dug its heels in (9:42) the Catholic church really dug its heels in, if you will, that's in the question. Um, no, because (9:49) they, uh, they believed at the time.
And I think it's softened a lot since then on that, (9:54) that, uh, you shouldn't be interpreting the Bible for yourself. You need somebody to interpret it (9:58) for you. And, uh, information.
Yeah. Even though the process even had Latin mass here in where I (10:05) lived in Louisiana, they had a church with just Latin mass. I said, how can you even go to Latin (10:10) mass when you don't even speak Latin? It just amazed me.
And I had gone to the Vatican and the (10:17) 16th chaplain, all of that. And, um, St. Peter's Basilica. And I said, how do they live like this? (10:23) This is like amazing.
And I know the Bible says about, you know, that you're supposed to, (10:29) and they're supposed to be, you know, living in poverty or whatever, and they live like better (10:35) than the Kings, you know? And it was just amazing to see, like, how can you be leading a church, (10:41) you know? And I don't know. So I'm sure that God put me in this position for a reason, for me to (10:48) see it for myself, because I just kept wondering why, you know, that I didn't believe some of the (10:55) things. And now I see Martin Luther, you know, he didn't, a lot of them too.
So. (11:01) No, it's interesting. Interesting coming from a Catholic perspective.
That's really interesting. (11:05) Uh, let's see, let me just see if others to jump into on this. If you have a Catholic background, (11:10) uh, Jean Marcel and maybe some others, if you have a, yeah.
If you have impressions from being a (11:15) Catholic background. Yeah. Well, I was raised Catholic and a lot of the things that Luther (11:25) tried to reform back in those days, a lot of those stuff still rings true today.
(11:37) For example, (11:39) um, um, having the church telling people, you know, what the Bible says that it, (11:52) that it means and not having the, uh, the, uh, ability to, to read it and interpret it oneself. (12:05) Um, another one is, uh, like a confession, you know, yeah. (12:15) Luther wasn't, wasn't, uh, too keen of that.
And, uh, and to a very certain extent, uh, (12:24) the church still is quite as opulent as it was back in those days, if not more. (12:32) Yeah. And, um, you know, and, and, uh, when you go to a, uh, Lutheran church is more, (12:39) I don't want to, uh, to a disrespected as a bear, but it, it's more, um, humble, (12:47) you know, not as ornamental.
Okay. Well, yeah, of course, that's what, that's what the Protestant, (12:54) the Lutheran church in particular did. It got, it got rid of all of the, uh, icons, statues, (12:59) you know, things like that.
Yeah. So Jean Marcel, you were raised Catholic. So it's French name.
(13:06) So where do you, where were you raised out of curiosity? Where were. (13:09) Uh, well, um, I was born, born and raised in Wisconsin. Um, my father is French American.
(13:16) My grandparents left France, um, in their own different ways. Um, shortly after, (13:26) after a world war two. Yeah.
Uh, they both said that, uh, France did not feel like home anymore. (13:34) Interesting that there are a lot of, um, a lot of people who actually from Quebec, (13:40) uh, of course I live in Canada, Ontario in the province of Quebec, which is largely French, (13:45) Francophone. And nowadays it's very far removed from France in terms of its (13:49) language is very different and so on.
But anyway, be that as it may, uh, a lot of, uh, um, (13:55) Quebecers over the years have moved to the United States and have roots back in Quebec. (14:01) And also you have the, uh, in Louisiana there, Kimberly, you have the, uh, Acadian population (14:06) that came out of, uh, Nova Scotia. They were years ago, Acadian, they were French as well.
(14:12) So there, the influence is, is strong there in French, a Catholic influence in anybody else with, (14:18) with it, with, uh, uh, reflection on your experience in the Catholic church, uh, (14:23) anybody grew up. And, and, and actually my grandparents actually saw Montreal as home (14:30) for a few years before they moved to the States. Yeah.
Yeah. That's, that's not surprised. Uh, (14:37) Michael.
Uh, yes. How's everybody doing? Yeah. I was, um, I was raised Catholic.
Um, (14:46) and at one point I thought, uh, that I would eventually become a priest (14:49) until I started reading the Bible for myself when it kind of started to make me angry before I even (14:56) read anything about, uh, Martin Luther and everything that was going on, uh, within the (15:00) Catholic church. And I'm like, none of this is in the Bible. And then I get to, uh, like, (15:05) you're talking about history repeating itself.
Then I get to like, um, uh, King, um, uh, the (15:13) Kings of old King Josiah, when he like read stuff that came from the temple that, um, (15:19) Hilkiah brings to them. I'm just like, Oh my goodness. I just want to run my clothes from, (15:24) from what's going on here.
It's just makes no sense. Yeah. And, uh, I mean, obviously I just (15:34) responded that and saying really what, what happened within the Catholic church.
And again, (15:38) not all Catholics see it. You know, there are a lot of wonderful Catholic people. That's not the (15:45) issue.
But, uh, one of the things that happened was there's a lot of tradition built up in the (15:51) Catholic church. That's outside of scripture. And, uh, essentially what it was, of course, (15:56) is that those of you are Catholic background would understand that, that the Catholic church, (16:01) the magisterium of the Catholic church, they old to the view that the Bible originated with (16:06) Catholic church anyway.
So they, they have the, so they they're the custodian of the Bible. So (16:12) therefore they have the right to add to any tradition they want to add to or interpret (16:17) any way they want to interpret it. So all kinds of tradition grew up around the Catholic rather (16:22) Christian faith, just like tradition grew up around the Jewish faith in many ways.
And, uh, so (16:28) that's, that's essentially what happened. So really in Luther's case, it was a question of, (16:34) look, we got to get back to the basics. We've got to get back to the essentials.
We've got to get (16:38) back to, that's all Luther. Luther wasn't trying to create something new. He was, the reformation (16:43) was reform, you know, reform, you know, there's let's, let's reform, not, not create a whole new.
(16:49) It was a kind of a, almost like a revivalistic let's, let's renew. Let's go back to basics. We (16:56) moved too far away from it.
Anyway, Fadina, Fadina. Yes. Good evening.
Um, I was, um, (17:08) raising the Catholic church up to, um, the age of 14. And, um, when I started going to, um, (17:17) the Pentecostal church, I was shocked because, um, all I knew at the time was, um, just the, (17:27) the testament, you know, from Matthew to Revelation. So the here am I, and when they (17:34) say to turn to, okay, Matthew, I cannot find it because now I have a whole Bible.
So I realized (17:42) that, you know, there was, you know, the, the way that they were doing things in the Catholic (17:48) church was completely different from the Protestant church. And I also have, um, (17:54) family members who are still Catholics and, um, you know, even like praying to Mary, (18:00) you know, they still pray to Mary, um, pay for masses and this kind of thing. So although there (18:07) have been some changes now, like you try to sing like the other churches, but some of the practices (18:12) are still the same from what Lufa was saying.
Interesting. Interesting. Anybody, anybody here (18:21) then with that said anybody here then with, uh, who's still Catholic? Cause sometimes we have, (18:26) you know, a lot of, uh, charismatic Catholics who people are evangelical Catholics, (18:31) still call themselves Catholic, but they're evangelical in the way they view, um, uh, (18:38) theology and sometimes charismatic Pentecostal, the way they view theology, anybody, (18:43) anybody who's still, uh, Michael, I'm not still Catholic, but when you're a Catholic, (18:50) you're always considered a Catholic.
You've never, um, right. They always have you according to if (18:56) you've been baptized, confirmed or anything within the Catholic church, it's like once a Catholic, (19:01) always a Catholic, just like with the Marine Corps, once a Marine, always a Marine. They, (19:05) they've got you by name.
Um, and I, I was part of, uh, when, when my family went, we were part (19:13) of a charismatic Catholic, uh, movement. Um, but then what happened was, uh, the Catholic church (19:19) got against it, uh, and they threw out this whole, uh, charismatic movement from there. (19:26) And it wound up turning a lot of, uh, my mother and father's friends away from the Catholic church (19:33) totally.
And they just became atheistic, which was sad. Um, and now my parents now are not following (19:41) the Catholic church anymore. They followed the same direction that I went.
Yeah. Okay. (19:46) My dad and mom, my only, my dad was French from his side of the family was brought up in the (19:51) Catholic church.
And as I grew up to about age 10, then my parents left the Catholic church. (19:59) And it was from there, like the gentleman saying there, my parents ran that route. And, (20:05) but my heart was different.
My heart felt, you know, the Holy spirit called me, something was (20:10) calling me. And, um, that was there that I became Baptist. And, um, it was restart reading (20:17) one's Bible.
Eventually I joined a Baptist time church and I'm seeing, seeing a difference, (20:23) you know, the Holy spirit and the father, son, Holy ghost, the Trinity is amazing. And so that's (20:30) where I'm at today. If it weren't for God and actually seeing a difference between the different (20:36) areas, like, um, but the one lady said, praying to Mary, Mary is a person.
Um, but under the (20:42) Catholic church can seek considers very a Saint or almost equivalent to a God, but the fact in (20:48) some areas, but the factor is she was just a person. So I agree with her on that. Yeah.
You know, (20:55) at the end of the day too, when it comes to being a part of a long institutionalized church, (21:00) like the Catholic church, which of course was the original church we know originally, um, (21:06) you know, we all come to a point where I know I did. And I still, I still think about a lot is (21:14) you need, we all need a church, a group, a body of believers where we feel not just at home. (21:25) We need to feel at home.
You need to feel supported, particularly in the (21:28) culture we have today, but you have to feel God too. You need to sense God, (21:34) like you need to walk in and sense God. A church that says Jesus Christ during the sermons (21:42) talks about Jesus Christ.
It's not the, I mean, my go straight to mentioning Jesus Christ several (21:47) times to God that right there, you know, absolutely. Absolutely. Kimberly.
(21:53) Um, my, my thing, like what they said about Mary, um, all the, the, the, um, things that we have (22:00) to say, Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou among women, (22:03) blessed is the fruit of thy womb. But also I got baptized at, at, um, as an adult in the Catholic (22:10) church. And then, you know, it was immersion.
And then when I left the Catholic church, (22:15) I got baptized again in the Baptist church, but all of those, for some reason, I didn't feel (22:21) until I actually got a message from God to surrender. And then I surrendered my life to (22:26) God. And that is when I actually felt God, you know, I kept looking everywhere.
I was looking, (22:33) I went to all kinds of places, like every different kind of denomination. And when I (22:37) actually did surrender my will and my, you know, everything just started changing. So.
(22:44) No, that's good. I love this. I love this.
And I think this is where I think the church needs to (22:50) go today. We're not about performance, you know, like this time to get over this. It's not about (22:55) how many seats are filled on Sunday.
It's about how many people are in touch with God. That's (22:59) what really. It's not about that church, that pastor who went down the zip line from the top (23:02) floor.
No, it's not about the main stage. It's not about entertainment. It's about the rock and (23:07) the message, the true word of God.
Exactly. Exactly. You got it.
Paul, you, you, you had (23:12) something in the chat box here. I wanted to just say, maybe you can address it. This is jubilee (23:17) year in the Catholic church.
You're pushing the indulgences hard. Uh, give us some background there. (23:21) Yeah, well, I do a lot of work with a lot of archdiocese across the country and I was just (23:25) kind of looking into, you know, a new bishop I had to go meet with and who he was.
That's when I (23:29) noticed that every 25 years they have a jubilee year and they re-institute the, uh, the indulgences, (23:36) which I was actually shocked. I didn't realize they were still doing indulgences. There's no, (23:39) there's no money exchange, but it's a lot of the, you know, do the pilgrimages and all that (23:45) kind of stuff is still happening.
Um, which was very, uh, very interesting. But I also was kind (23:49) of going to the Mary piece as well. I was kind of shocked this last week to see the Pope removing (23:55) the co-redemption, redemptrix title from Mary, that she's no longer equal to Christ in the (24:00) redemption now, because it was too much confusion in that he said.
So that was kind of surprising, (24:05) especially with how long it takes the church to move after, um, after all, but yeah, it was kind (24:11) of shocking. And in some ways there are not ever, not always by a long shot, but in many ways the (24:17) Catholic church has moderated in that way. Some, of course, you know, that since Vatican II in the (24:23) sixties, uh, the mass is not, does not have be conducted in Latin, but in the language of the (24:29) native group.
Um, anyway, that's another story. The question, yeah, we'll just not go down the (24:36) path, but anyway, that's, uh, that in, well, let's say this, it did help Catholics, but the (24:43) unfortunate thing is ironically, it didn't seem to, uh, slow down the exodus from the Catholic (24:50) church in many places, like in Quebec, for example, uh, the church is pretty much Catholic church is (24:55) almost, I mean, the buildings are there. You drive through the province, you can go through any town (24:59) you want.
The church is a big steeple in the middle of the town, but there are very, very, (25:05) very few people attending mass in these churches. Yeah. Yeah.
Anybody else? This is such a fascinating (25:12) discussion. Um, well, let me ask you this question from, from your reading here now, (25:20) and I've made some notes and so on, but I just made that just in case, (25:24) do you get the sense that when the Protestant Reformation took place or it's really spread, (25:30) because let's face it, once Luther posted these 95 theses, they spread. One of the reasons they (25:36) spread is because the printing press had just been invented, right? And they were able to put (25:41) them in pamphlets and everybody could read them before that they couldn't, just wasn't, you had to (25:46) copy them by hand before the printing press.
And so the printing press was just becoming, yeah. So (25:53) do you, do you get the sense that it affected the Catholic church much in that, or did the (25:58) Catholic church just simply, uh, say tough titty, whatever it is, it is. I don't really, (26:06) you're talking to me? Anybody.
Yeah. I released, uh, I actually was told a story about a printing (26:12) press back in the days, uh, you know, the story about Galveston and the printing press. And (26:18) that's, it's interesting, but I would think, uh, hurting the material was, uh, back then was very (26:25) widely, uh, spread, you know, among areas, you know, newspapers were passed out, you know, (26:31) bibles were printed.
A lot of that was a big era, you know, and, um, I think it made a difference. (26:37) Um, touching, getting the word out there was, was common. And I think it was very important (26:43) to getting the word out there was getting the word in people's hands.
(26:47) I mean, a lot of historians would say without the printing press, the reformation may have never (26:51) happened because, I mean, it's like, it's, it's like, it's like both and situation. The (27:02) new, uh, and no other alternative, but to it, but to over time, except what was happening (27:09) to some degree, but then other ways, it really, really anchored down and doubled down on what, (27:16) um, they had responded. There was, it was a mix of reform, a mix of reform and resistance and, (27:22) um, addressing criticism.
Of course, you know, what the, the big council, the big Catholic (27:27) council took place as a response to the reformation just shortly after, you know, (27:33) what it was called, right? You're Catholic people, you know what it was, Kimberly? (27:41) Re-reformation? (27:44) Yeah. Counter-reformation. (27:48) And, uh, the big, the big council, of course, when the Catholics, uh, Catholic churches had (27:55) those church councils, they can last for years, right? They don't just last for a week, they last (28:02) for years and before it's over.
The Council of Trent started in 1545 and lasted to 1563. Can you (28:09) imagine? 18-year council, you know, that's a, that's a lot. Anyway, so, um, but so what it did, (28:20) it addressed those criticisms, but what it did, it reaffirmed, um, uh, Catholic doctrine.
(28:27) Some of the reforms that implemented, though, were improving the education of some of the clergy and, (28:32) and emphasizing education, emphasizing educating people, like the Jesuits, the Jesuit order, (28:39) which is basically an order that emphasizes, I mean, you get some of the orders to emphasize (28:44) orphanages and humanitarian, but Jesuit order was, was different. It was really, (28:49) it was a missionary order to, um, to, to educate people in other countries. And I'll use the example (28:58) again of Quebec that I know best.
Really, Quebec was kind of settled by Jesuit, uh, missionaries (29:05) who established, uh, schools, institutions, so on in the province of Quebec. Society of Jesus is (29:12) really where, what it was called originally, but they became known as Jesuits. Uh, Kimberly, (29:16) you may know more about that than me.
I, I didn't mean to, um, have my hand raised. I forgot to take (29:24) it down, but I actually did want to make a comment that, um, I was just trying to think, you know, (29:28) how you forgot the name, uh, name of the city. Well, I forgot, what do they call the, the, the (29:33) priests that are the head over the parish? I forgot what they're called, but the, the main, you know, (29:39) just over a certain parish.
When I was becoming Catholic, one of, I spoke with him and I asked (29:46) him, well, do you think that, what about Jews? So they're not going to go to heaven, even though (29:50) they're God's chosen people. And he said, he didn't really, he kind of hemmed and hawed, (29:56) but then he said, no, I think that they will go to heaven.