Overview
There are 4 essay questions. Please be sure to complete all of them individually, numbered 1 -4. Complete all with thorough, substantive responses. APA FORMAT, One paragraph or so for each question. A reference is required for all answers individually associated with each answer, for a total of four. Inline citations are not necessary. Using numerous inline citations instead of providing answers in your own words does not demonstrate critical thinking when you copy and paste most of the answer, even if you give the author credit.
- Individuals who smoke have much higher rates of lung infection. Explain which first-line defenses mechanisms may be impaired by smoking, allowing pathogens to more readily enter the lower respiratory tract.
- The diagnosis of tuberculosis involves the observation of lung structures called tubercles on an X ray. What immunologic process leads to the formation of tubercles, and what type of immune cells may comprise these lesions?
- Provide an explanation in support of or refuting the following statement: "Humans would never develop natural immunity to a novel biological agent created in a laboratory."
- Explain how super-antigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, often lead to the development of life-threatening symptoms in an infected individual.