Overview
To be successful you will make sure you complete diagrams as instructed in the tasks, including proper values on the x & y-axis as well as labeling those. Make sure to label ESV, EDV, aortic and mitral valve opening and closing, and Isovolumetric relaxation and contraction where possible on the diagrams regarding blood volumes and pressure. You also need to make sure to list or provide explanation where necessary or where it is asked in the tasks. A successful submission would be very clear and easy to read and it would be easy to see the differences in pressures and volumes based on the given situations. For submission, you can submit them as a pdf or image from a phone as I require these on paper.
Case Studies Tasks:
- John recently visited the Doctor and was informed he has a blood pressure of 165/105 mmHG. Diagram a graph/loop for pressure vs volume (Volume Pressure Loop). The graph should contain a normal pressure to volume graph in a healthy heart and also a pressure vs. volume graph for John hypertension. The average EDV for an averaged size man is 120ml and the ESV 50ml. You also need to list the specific factors that could contribute to John's blood pressure being high? Make sure to label the diagram as described above in the criteria for success section.
- Revisiting Jane: Jane was riding her horse on a warm sunny day (101 degrees Fahrenheit) when suddenly her horse stopped and reared up in the air. Jane was not prepared for this and fell hard backwards into the ground. As she hit the ground Jane's leg was gashed open by a large, sharp boulder that she fell next to. Jane began to bleed severely. Jane's pulse seems to be low (or hard to find) and her respiratory rate is at 23 breaths/minute. Jane's body spends the next couple hours physiologically compensating for her blood loss. Based on your knowledge of the cardiovascular system complete the following: Make a graph of Jane's cardiac output/venous return (y-axis) vs (as a function of) her central venous pressure (pressure in the veins - directly related to blood returning to the heart). Provide two points on the curve that represent (A) before she fell off the horse and (B) after she fell and suffered significant bleeding. Just use general numbers for central venous pressure (2-8 mmHg) and cardiac output of (2-7 Liters) Make sure the pressures and L/min are labeled correctly on each axis. Then list any compensatory mechanisms (physiological adjustments) the body is using to return the cardiac output to normal while bleeding - how is the body getting more blood back to the heart to deliver to the body?.
- Sarah was recently diagnosed with an obstructive lung disorder. In their diagnostic process the doctors completed a Forced Vital Capacity test on Sarah to determine her lung function. Based on this, (A) diagram a Vital Capacity test with lung volumes for a healthy individual and on the same graph include the VC test with lung volumes for Sarah's diagnosis. The doctors also found that Sarah's oxygen saturation was at 85%. Therefore, (B) diagram an oxygen saturation curve graph that shows a normal oxygen saturation curve vs. a curve representing Sarah's condition. Also list out the factors that can impact oxygen saturation for Sarah.
- Ashor has been putting himself through a strict diet and exercise regiment. In the last week, he was feeling some irregularity in his heart rate and heart beat. He decided to visit a doctor and found that he was suffering from Hyperkalemia through an ECG and blood tests. The ECG had an extremely peaked T wave, widened QRS, short QT interval, and ST segment depression. Please diagram the ECG the doctor would have seen with hyperkalemia. Also use a diagram to explain how Hyperkalemia impacts cardiac pacemaker and contractile cells - focus on the pacemaker and contractile potentials - do not diagram something you don't understand. The key here is to consider resting membrane potentials and how that impacts slow and fast acting ion channels in the cardiac conduction process. Make sure to include the following items at a minimum in the conduction diagram(s):
- mV (Membrane Potential in millivolts)
- Na+
- K+
- Ca+
- Slow acting channels
- Fast acting channels
- -40mV
- -60mV
- -90mV
- Pacemaker potential
- Depolarization
- Repolarization
- Hyperpolarization
- Absolute Refractory Period