Overview
The object of reflection for this journal is your experience in learning the material during the week. You are advised to make entries regularly rather than completing it right before a submission date, and the quality of reflection should be the emphasis of your entries rather than over-emphasis on the word count.
Write an academic reflection in four paragraphs: describe, interpret, evaluate, and plan.
What did you learn this week?
What activities helped you to learn?
What activities did you find engaging?
How will you do to better understand your muddy points for the weekChapter 9 Overview and Learning Objectives OVERVIEW Chapter 9 continues the discussion of chemical reactions from Chapter 8. The focus in this chapter is on reactions that occur in aqueous solutions. Solutions are homogenous mixtures composed of solvents, the majority species, and solutes, the minority species. Aqueous solutions have liquid water as the solvent. Aqueous solutions can be electrolytes where ions dissolved in solution are the solute and an electric current conducted, or they can be non-electrolytes where molecular compounds that do not dissociate are the solute. Some ionic compounds are insoluble (or sparingly soluble) because the attraction between the ions is too strong to be overcome by the interaction with water (or because the strong charges of the ions reduces the entropy of water). Precipitation reactions occur when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed to produce a new insoluble ionic compound. Acids are molecular compounds that when dissolved in water dissociate by losing an H+ ion. Bases are compounds that when dissolved in water produced OH–ions. Acids and bases react in a neutralization reaction to form a salt and water. Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions occur when one reactant loses electrons (is oxidized) and the other reactant gains electrons) is reduced. Combustion reactions (from Chapter 8) are a type of redox reactions. Molarity (moles solute/Liters solution) is a way to measure the concentration of a solution. Dilution is adding solvent to a more concentrated solution to get a less concentrated solution. In a dilution calculation the number of moles of solute (molarity (M) x volume) stays the same. With molarity the number of moles of solute can be determined by measuring the volume of the solution much the way the number of moles of a substance can be determined by weighing it. As a method of determining the number of moles of a substance molarities of solutions are used in stoichiometry problems (molarity to moles, moles to moles, moles to molarity). Titrations are a special kind of stoichiometry problem where the known concentration of one reactant is reacted with a known volume of the other reaction (of unknown concentration) such that the exact amounts of each are reacted according to the balanced equation. The volume of the reactant of known concentration is measured precisely. Then the concentration of the reactant of unknown concentration can be calculated.