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rnal Examiner’s Instructions:
Technical Report Writing
26 May 2024 Course Code CE6104 Presentation Skills and Engineering Report Writing
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The time allowed for this assessment is XXX minutes/hours/days.
This assessment carries XXX marks distributed to a total of XXX questions assessing CILO X and CILO X.
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- Learner ID
Learner Name
- Lecturer’s Name
Date May 20th, 2024 Submitted
- Abdulaziz Qussay Daghfag 202307105
Fahad AttaAllah Mohammad Al-Yami Mohammad Al-Rashid
- 2023307128 2023307261
202307347 Wajid Khan
- By submitting this assessment for marking, I affirm that this assessment is my own work.
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Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
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Table of Contents
SCOPE Significance and Use 4 PRINCIPLE 4 Items 6 RESPONSIBILITY 6 Procedure 6 Calculation 11 Conclusion & Critique 12 References 12
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1. Scope
1.1.
2.
This test method covers and specifies a procedure for the concurrent measurement of both the dynamic viscosity, and the density of liquid petroleum products and crude oils, both transparent and opaque using constant temperature bath CANNON CT-1000HT. (ASTM, 2021)
Significance and Use
2.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
2.2 Tracking viscosity is important when it comes to understanding conditions deep underground. The viscosity of oil and gas can be highly variable, depending on environmental temperature and pressure, as well as the molecular makeup of the raw material. Pressure and temperature changes cause viscosity readings to fluctuate dramatically, and can be irreversible. These characteristics must be controlled precisely through the sample extraction, handling, and analysis for fluid integrity. The viscosity system must safely
provide accurate, repeatable, and timely information while using as little sample as possible.
3. Principle
3.1. Kinematic viscosity is measured by noting the time it takes oil to travel through the orifice of a capillary under the force of gravity (Figure 1). The orifice of the kinematic viscometer tube produces a fixed resistance to flow Different sized capillaries are available to support fluids of varying viscosity.
3.2. This measured time is then multiplied by a constant (associated to the particular tube) to calculate the kinematic viscosity (force of gravity). (ASTM, 2021)
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Figure 1. Capillary U-Tube Viscometer
Items
? Constant Temperature Bath.
? U-Tube Viscometer
? Thermometer.
? Stopwatch.
? Sample.
? Cleaning solvents (Toluene, Acetone) in a squeezed bottle.
? A piece of rag.
? Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), lab coat, goggles, safety shoes. 4. Responsibility 4.1. Analysts are responsible to perform the test and follow the procedure to obtain quality results. 5. Procedure 5.1 Measurement 5.1.1 Start up the bath for a couple of hours to let the temperature reaches the set point. 5.1.2 While the bath is running, heat up the sample in the oven. 5.1.3 Pick out the right tube, depending on the nature of the sample, and make sure it is thoroughly cleaned with Toluene followed by a drying solvent (acetone).
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5.1.4 Transfer the sample into the tube till the first red line, and let it settle down for a few minutes to adapt with bath’s temperature (As shown in the image below).
5.1.5 Using the thumb finger, press on the top part of the tube (big opening), till the sample move past the curved part of the tube.
5.1.6 Once the sample reaches the first red line that is situated at the bottom side of the tube, hit the stopwatch until the sample reaches the second redline. Then, stop the stopwatch.
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Start Line
- Finish Line
5.1.7 Go to the table of “Manual Viscosity Tube Factors”, and select the size of the tube you have used during the analysis, you will find the “Tube Factor”, multiply it by the number of seconds you have obtained in the stopwatch to calculate the final result.
- Result (mm2/s) = Tube Factor (mm2/s2) × Time (s) (ASTM, 2021)
5.1.8 Repeat all the steps above in order to obtain a second reading. Two determinations of the kinematic viscosity of the test material are required. Report the average of the two duplicated kinematic viscosity results to four significant figures, together with test temperature.
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- Figure 2 (left). Temperature Probe Immersion in Constant Temperature Bath Figure 3(right). Constant Temperature Bath Model Name: Cannon CT-1000HT
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- Figure 4. Common glass capillary types of kinematic viscometer. Glass Capillary Types (1) Ostwald (2) Ubbelohde (3) Cannon-Fenske (4) Houillon (Modified Zeitfuchs crossarm)
6. Calculation Five kinematic viscosity of Arabian extra light crude oil values were measured at 210°F by using
- calibrated viscometer tubes.
Repeat Number 1
2
3
4
5
- Duplicated runs (mm2/s)
787 785 785 783 797 795 783 779 794 795
- Average (mm2/s) 786
784
796
781
794.5
Based on this test 6.017 and a repeatability of 6.6 mm2/s according to (ASTM D-445, Sec. 17).
Determinability (d), were found to be 2.82, 2.82, 2.86, 2.81 & 2.86 mm2/s respectively to the duplicated analysis, which approve that our duplicated runs don’t exceed their indicated determinability limits according to (ASTM D-445, Sec. 17).
By this validation, the method fits for purpose. (ASTM, 2021)
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data the average is 787.2 mm2/s. This gives a sample standard deviation of
Conclusion & Critique
This test requires a great deal patience and precision. Yet, it provides extremely reliable results. Furthermore, the technician has to try several tubes that fit the type of sample especially if he received an unknown sample from a new field or well in which he has little to no idea about the site or sample specifications.
This is not the case with modern instruments that came out recently in the markets in various shapes and sizes. Particularly, automated ones which is capable of producing multiple results in a swift manner (Time is a valuable resource in the petroleum industry). Most importantly, obtained figures are dependable and match the ones taken from the manual procedure.
Automatic analyzers have a high price tag, mainly that come with extra features such as built-in- oven and auto sampling, only a handful of oil corporates could afford these machines.
Another drawback worth noting before bringing this article to an end is that petroleum laboratories around the world run the risk of losing or breaking the viscometer tubes during cleaning or relocation, etc. Those tubes are made of glass, high-priced, and takes an extended amount of time to receive it from outside the kingdom. Worst of all, it contains a hazardous substance called Mercury which would cause multiple health issues such as poisoning and acute lung injury. It is highly recommended to switch to automated viscometer to promote safety across the lab area.
References
ASTM. (2021). Academia. Retrieved from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/36792221/Designation_D_44... Kinematic_Viscosity_of_Transparent_and_Opaque_Liquids_the_Calculation_of_Dynamic_ Viscosity_1