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Engineering · Studypool

There is 3 labs

Post ID: 3384904

Overview

Do the3 labs.


Lab #1 - Basic Circuits

1. Basic LED Circuit (Series)

  • Objective: Learn how to power an LED in a simple circuit.
  • Components:
    • 1x LED
    • 1x Resistor (220Ω)
    • 1x Breadboard
    • 1x 9V Battery + Battery Clip (or other power source)
    • Jumper wires

2. Simple Button and LED Circuit

  • Objective: Use a push button to control an LED.
  • Components:
    • 1x LED
    • 1x Resistor (220Ω)
    • 1x Push button
    • 1x Breadboard
    • 1x 9V Battery + Battery Clip (or other power source)
    • Jumper wires

3. Light-sensitive Circuit with LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

  • Objective: Use an LDR to control the brightness of an LED based on ambient light.
  • Components:
    • 1x LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
    • 1x LED
    • 1x Resistor (10kΩ for LDR)
    • 1x Resistor (220Ω for LED)
    • 1x Breadboard
    • 1x 9V Battery + Battery Clip (or other power source)
    • Jumper wires

4. Simple Buzzer Circuit

  • Objective: Use a push button to control a buzzer.
  • Components:
    • 1x Buzzer
    • 1x Resistor (220Ω, optional, depending on buzzer)
    • 1x Push button
    • 1x Breadboard
    • 1x 9V Battery + Battery Clip (or other power source)
    • Jumper wires

Lab #2 - Kirchhoff's Laws

1. Series Circuit with 2 Resistors

Goal: Learn how components behave when connected in series.

  • Components: Battery (9V), 2 resistors (e.g., 100Ω), LED, wires.
  • Setup: Connect the two resistors in series (one after the other) and place them in the circuit. Add an LED in the same path and power it with a 9V battery.
  • Explanation: In a series circuit, the current flows through each component one after another. You can observe how the voltage is divided between the two resistors and the LED.

2. Series Circuit with 2 LEDs

Goal: Understand how LEDs behave when connected in series.

  • Components: Battery (9V), 2 LEDs, 1 resistor (e.g., 330Ω), wires.
  • Setup: Connect two LEDs in series, using a resistor to limit the current. Ensure that both LEDs are oriented correctly, with their anode (+) connected towards the positive side of the battery.
  • Explanation: In a series circuit, the same current flows through both LEDs, but the voltage is shared between them. This will help you observe how LEDs behave in a series arrangement.

3. Parallel Circuit with 2 Resistors

Goal: Learn how parallel connections work and how the current splits.

  • Components: Battery (9V), 2 resistors (e.g., 100Ω), wires.
  • Setup: Connect the two resistors in parallel. This means the two resistors should be connected side by side, with one side connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the other side to the negative terminal.
  • Explanation: In a parallel circuit, each resistor gets the full voltage of the battery. The current, however, divides between the two resistors. You can observe the differences in behavior compared to a series circuit.

4. Combination Circuit (Series-Parallel)

Goal: Combine both series and parallel connections to see how they work together.

  • Components: Battery (9V), 1 resistor (e.g., 100Ω), 2 LEDs, wires.
  • Setup: Set up the first part of the circuit with the resistor and an LED in series, and then add another parallel branch with a second LED. You will have a series part (resistor + LED) and a parallel part (the second LED).
  • Explanation: In this circuit, you get the benefit of both types of connections. The first LED gets the current flowing through the resistor, while the second LED gets full voltage from the battery in parallel. This will help you understand how different branches work in combination circuits.

5. Voltage Divider Circuit (Series Connection)

Goal: Learn how resistors can divide voltage in a series circuit.

  • Components: Battery (9V), 2 resistors (e.g., 1kΩ and 2kΩ), voltmeter, wires.
  • Setup: Connect the two resistors in series, and place a voltmeter across the second resistor. The battery will supply 9V, and the two resistors will divide this voltage.
  • Explanation: The voltage divider principle demonstrates how the voltage across each resistor is proportional to its resistance. By using a voltmeter, you can measure how the voltage splits between the resistors, which is key for applications like creating reference voltages in circuits.

6. Parallel Circuit with a Switch and Capacitor (RC Circuit)

Goal: Understand how a capacitor charges and discharges in a parallel circuit with a resistor.

  • Components: Battery (9V), 1 resistor (e.g., 100Ω), 1 capacitor (e.g., 100uF), switch, wires.
  • Setup: Connect the resistor in series with the capacitor, then place a switch in the circuit to control whether the battery is connected to the circuit. When the switch is on, the capacitor will charge through the resistor.
  • Explanation: This is an RC circuit (Resistor-Capacitor Circuit), where the capacitor charges and stores electrical energy. When you close the switch, you will see the capacitor charging over time (voltage across it increases), and when you open the switch, it will start discharging. This is important for timing applications in electronics (like filters and timers).

Lab #3 - Operational Amplifiers

Exercise 1: Inverting Amplifier with IC 741

Objective: Design an inverting amplifier circuit using the IC 741 operational amplifier.

Instructions:

  • Use the IC 741 as the op-amp.
  • Set up the input signal as a sine wave (AC source) with a frequency of 1 kHz.
  • Choose resistor values for the feedback resistor (R_f) and the input resistor (R_in) to achieve a gain of -10.
    • For example, use R_in = 10kΩ and R_f = 100kΩ.
  • Connect the V+ and V- pins of the IC 741 to an appropriate power supply (typically ±15V or ±12V).
  • Display the output waveform and calculate the gain in Tinkercad.

Exercise 2: Non-Inverting Amplifier with IC 741

Objective: Design a non-inverting amplifier circuit using the IC 741 operational amplifier.

Instructions:

  • Use the IC 741 as the op-amp.
  • Set up the input signal as a square wave (AC source) with a frequency of 2 kHz.
  • Choose resistor values for the feedback resistor (R_f) and the resistor between the op-amp input and ground (R_g) to achieve a gain of 11.
    • For example, use R_g = 10kΩ and R_f = 100kΩ.
  • Connect the V+ and V- pins of the IC 741 to an appropriate power supply (typically ±15V or ±12V).
  • Display the output waveform and verify that the gain is 11.

Exercise 3: Inverting Integrator with IC 741

Objective: Design an inverting integrator circuit using the IC 741 operational amplifier.

Instructions:

  • Use the IC 741 as the op-amp.
  • Set up the input signal as a square wave with a frequency of 500 Hz.
  • Select resistor and capacitor values to set the integration time constant (τ = R * C).
    • For example, use R = 100kΩ and C = 0.1µF to observe the integration effect.
  • Connect the V+ and V- pins of the IC 741 to an appropriate power supply.
  • Observe the output waveform, and calculate the expected integrated output.

Exercise 4: Non-Inverting Buffer (Voltage Follower) with IC 741

Objective: Design a non-inverting buffer circuit (voltage follower) using the IC 741 operational amplifier.

Instructions:

  • Use the IC 741 as the op-amp.
  • Set up the input signal as a sine wave with a frequency of 5 kHz.
  • Configure the op-amp in a voltage follower (buffer) configuration: connect the output directly to the inverting input, and the non-inverting input will receive the signal.
  • Connect the V+ and V- pins of the IC 741 to an appropriate power supply (±15V or ±12V).
  • Observe the output waveform and confirm that the output matches the input signal exactly in both amplitude and phase.

Exercise 5: Inverting Summing Amplifier with IC 741

Objective: Design an inverting summing amplifier circuit using the IC 741 operational amplifier.

Instructions:

  • Use the IC 741 as the op-amp.
  • Set up two input signals (two sine wave sources with different frequencies, e.g., 1 kHz and 3 kHz).
  • Choose equal resistors for the input signals (for simplicity, R_in = 10kΩ for both inputs) and adjust the feedback resistor R_f to set the desired gain.
    • For example, use R_f = 20kΩ to get a gain of -2 (inverted sum).
  • Connect the V+ and V- pins of the IC 741 to an appropriate power supply.
  • Display the output waveform and analyze how the output is the inverted sum of both input signals.

Exercise 6: Non-Inverting Differential Amplifier with IC 741

Objective: Design a non-inverting differential amplifier circuit using the IC 741 operational amplifier.

Instructions:

  • Use the IC 741 as the op-amp.
  • Set up two input signals (e.g., sine wave signals with different amplitudes or frequencies).
  • Connect the two input signals to the differential amplifier circuit (the op-amp inputs should have resistors for each signal, and the gain should be set by the resistor ratios).
    • For example, use R_1 = R_2 = 10kΩ, and R_f = R_g = 100kΩ to set the gain.
  • Connect the V+ and V- pins of the IC 741 to an appropriate power supply (±15V or ±12V).
  • Display the output waveform and verify that it is the difference between the two input signals.