Overview
5 What are the four barriers in a drinking water system to prevent pathogens and other contaminants from reaching water consumers?
6 Briefly describe the treatment technique for drinking water to eliminate pathogens from a surface water source.
7 What does the Total Coliform Rule specify? If a routine coliform sample withdrawn from a water dis- tribution system is positive, what is the required repeat sampling?
8 Why is the MCL for cadmium set so that less than 10 percent of the total intake is expected to be from water consumption?
9 How is monitoring conducted for lead and copper in drinking water? What are the action levels, and what are the treatment techniques if these action levels are exceeded?
10 What is the optimum concentration of fluoride in drinking water in a location where the average maxi- mum daily air temperature is 60°F? What is the health benefit of drinking water containing the optimum concentration of fluoride?
11 What is the health risk of nitrate in drinking water?
12 What are the most frequently detected VOCs in cont- aminated groundwater? What pesticide SOCs have been detected in groundwater?
13 Write the chemical formulas for the five trihalomethane compounds that have been found in drinking water. What is the source of the THMs?
Why are iron and manganese included in secondary standards for aesthetics?
15 When the EPA was authorized to direct and define natural water pollution control programs, what were the objectives of the Clean Water Act?
16 What does the acronym NPDES refer to? Since incep- tion, list several aspects of this permit program.
17 What are the impacts of pollution on fish and how does that pollution impact humans?
18 How is the NPDES program monitored?
19 What are the technology-based standards for secondary (biological) treatment for all municipal wastewater treatment plants?
20 When are water-quality-based standards necessary for a wastewater discharge?
21 Define the term eutrophication. What pollutant is commonly limited in wastewater effluent to control the rate of eutrophication?
22 How is a TMDL program expected to improve water quality in an impaired surface water? What are the major causes of surface water impairment? What appears to be the major challenge to establishing a TMDL program for management of a watershed?
23 What are the primary objectives of the industrial pretreatment program?
24 How is the Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) test performed?
25 What is the usual procedure following a negative effluent biological toxicity test that indicates probable impairment of the receiving water.
26 Why is prevention considered the only feasible approach to groundwater-quality management?
27 Based on the treatment limits given for ocean dis- charge in Table 6, recommend the minimum treat- ment processes to obtain the required removal of suspended solids. What steps should be taken if toxicity limits are exceeded?
28 What is the main sanitary purpose of the Groundwater Rule?