Overview
1. Discuss the replace, reduce, and refine considerations in a required research or test methodology.
2. Discuss the major factor in the performance of a laboratory aquatic toxicity test.
3. Why is the use of a reference toxicant important in the Daphnia toxicity test?
4. What are the advantages of the Daphnia toxicity test?
5. What is the chronic or partial life cycle toxicity test?
6. Why is the three-brood renewal toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia dubia used?
7. How could low concentrations of toxicant in an algal 96 h growth toxicity test lead to a false analysis
of toxicity if not properly data analyzed?
8. Discuss two major problems in conducting acute toxicity tests with aquatic vertebrates and
macroinvertebrates.
9. How can terrestrial vertebrate toxicity tests be modified to better assess interspecific variability of a
toxic response?
10. What are the advantages of the FETAX test?
11. Why have terrestrial systems not undergone the same level of standardization as the aquatic multi-
species systems?
12. Discuss coevolution as a component of the mixed-flask culture microcosm.
13. Discuss the two methods used to ensure a uniform temperature among experimental replicates dur-
ing a FIFRA microcosm experiment.
14. Discuss the three caveats to be dealt within the topic of toxicity testing.