Write 3 pages to answer this question below and please do not talk about authoritarianism
2- What roles (if any) do masses play in processes of democratization?
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answer the questions below
Elite-led (vs. mass-led) democratization
Elite-led democratization
John Higley and Michael Burton. 1989. “The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns.” American Sociological Review 54.1: 17-32; Reprinted in 2012 in a special issue of Historical Social Research-Historische Sozialforschung 37.1: 245-268.
Paul Cammack. 1990. “A Critical Assessment of the New Elite Paradigm.” American Sociological Review 55.3: 415-420.
John Higley, M. Burton, G. L. Field. 1990. “In Defense of Elite Theory: A Reply to Cammack.” American Sociological Review 55.3: 415-420.
Democratic transition and consolidation
Jacques Rupnik. 2010. “Twenty years of postcommunism: In search of a new model.” JOD 21.1: 105-112.
Terry Lynn Karl. 1990. “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” CP 23.1: 1-21.
Omar Encarnacion. 2005. “Do Political Pacts Freeze Democracy? Spanish and South American Lessons.” West European Politics 28.1: 182-203.