The Role of Theory in Research
I believe that theory plays a central role in research because it provides a framework to guide the formulation of questions, the organization of variables, and the interpretation of results. As de Vaus (2001) explains, research design does not exist in a vacuum; it is built within a context where theory gives coherence and direction. In this sense, theory is not just an abstract idea but a set of interconnected concepts that allow us to better understand complex phenomena.
The function of theory varies depending on the type of research. In quantitative research, theory helps shape hypotheses and define variables; in qualitative research, it serves as a lens for interpreting data; and in mixed methods, it helps integrate both approaches into a more comprehensive understanding (Burkholder, Cox, Crawford, & Hitchcock, 2020). As Babbie (2017) points out, theories are always embedded in broader paradigms that reflect philosophical assumptions about ontology (the nature of reality) and epistemology (how knowledge is constructed).
In the field of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), one of the most influential frameworks is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory. Its basic tenets propose that behavior is shaped by its consequences: when a behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to occur again; when it is punished, it tends to decrease. The theory also emphasizes the role of antecedents and environmental conditions in influencing behavior.
In order to accept and use this theory, I must believe that human beings learn primarily through their interactions with the environment and that behavior is not fixed but can be shaped by its consequences. I must also believe that behavior can be observed objectively, measured accurately, and modified through systematic interventions.
Philosophically, this means adopting an ontological stance that behavior exists independently of the observer and an epistemological stance rooted in empiricism, where knowledge is gained through observation and data.
Personally, this perspective aligns with my worldview and my daily practice as an RBT. While I acknowledge that biology and cognition also influence behavior, I strongly believe that environmental contingencies play a decisive role in learning and change. For this reason, my professional orientation is consistent with the assumptions underlying Skinner’s theory.
References
Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., Crawford, L. M., & Hitchcock, J. H. (Eds.). (2020). Research design and methods: An applied guide for the scholar-practitioner. SAGE Publications.
de Vaus, D. A. (2001). Research design in social research. SAGE Publications.
Walden University Library. (2015b). Searching and finding information in the library databases: Overview. http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/searchingfindingLinks to an external site.
Walden University Library. (2015c). Theorists and theories: Discover theorists & theories. http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/theoryLinks to an external site.