Overview
DISCUSSION REPLIES INSTRUCTIONS
The student must post 2 replies of at least 100 words. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years and all references must be formatted in current APA style.
Original discussion question:
Using your completed Five Approaches Table as your starting point, write a 1-paragraph summary for each of the 5 approaches. Each paragraph must clearly delineate 1 approach without unnecessary, avoidable, needless, and redundant words (like the four words used here when only one was needed). Finally, include a sixth paragraph that explains which approach you plan to implement in your Research Plan Overview 2 and why it is the right approach for you to use.
Please reply to the following two discussion posts...
1. V.W Posted
Good Afternoon Class,
Narrative Research
Narrative research focuses on experiences lived by individuals. The information being conveyed is usually in chronological order. This research strategy typically analyzes one to two people. Any data collected within this research technique is typically gathered from storytelling. Narrative research is often studied by using various techniques. There are four types of narrative studies that one can choose from to convey their research. This form of research does require a lot of time and awareness in order for it to be effective.
Phenomenological Research
Phenomenological research centers on commonalities among individuals experiencing the same phenomenon. With this research technique, group sizes can vary. Data is collected via interviews with individuals who have experienced the same phenomenon. Creswell and Poth point out “the essence is the aspect of the phenomenological study that centers on what the individual has experienced and how they experienced it” (2018, p.77).
Grounded Theory Research
This particular approach comes about when a study or model can’t be identified in regards to the study. Grounded theory centers on processes and steps that occur over time. The researcher will obtain all the necessary information needed to come up with their own model/theory. In order for this research theory to be effective, the researcher must understand if the categories are saturated or not. They must also put aside their personal beliefs and ideas.
Ethnographic Research
This particular research focuses on researching an entire cultural group and addressing any patterns noticed. There are two types of ethnographic research one can choose from to include realist and critical. Realist can be seen as a traditional approach while critical approach pulls from current society (Creswell & Poth, 2018). Some issues can arise with using this form of research to include understanding what anthropology is and the time it takes to obtain all the information needed for the study.
Case Study Research
This research approach focuses on obtaining knowledge regarding a specific issue/problem. Identifying the case that will be analyzed is an important step in utilizing this approach. This approach is good to utilize when boundaries are clear and concise. The researcher goal is to provide a deep understanding of a case or several cases (Creswell & Poth, 2018). The biggest issue with this approach is understanding boundaries and when to implement them.
My Approach
In the beginning, I was torn between Narrative and Case Study. But, based on the research I have already done regarding my research topic and what it is requiring, I feel as though Phenomenology will be the best approach. Phenomenological research centers on the phenomenon being explored. In my case, the phenomenon being explored is Veterans homelessness, specifically in rural areas. Creswell and Poth conveyed this form of research is best suited for researchers who are trying to understand the common experiences regarding the phenomenon and utilize that information to create policies and or bring awareness regarding the phenomenon. Being a Veteran, I feel this issue is barely addressed and needs more awareness. My focus is to understand from firsthand accounts of the housing inadequacies within the rural areas and address areas that need improvement for Veterans.
References
Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. ISBN: 9781506330204
2. O. A Posted
Five Approaches Summary
Narrative.
The narrative approach is a qualitative research method with many forms, using different analytic practices rooted in different social and humanities disciplines. As a method, it starts with the experiences as expressed in lived and told stories of individuals, which may shed light on the identities of individuals and how they see themselves.
Narrative researchers gather stories from individuals and documents about how individuals lived and told experiences. Narrative stories are collected through many different forms of data, such as through interviews, which may be the primary form of data collection, but also through observations, documents, pictures, and other qualitative data sources. Narratives can be derived from journals, letters, conversations, biographies, autobiographies, transcripts of in-depth interviews, focus groups, or other types of narrative qualitative research and then used in narrative research. However, these data collections are obtained in the form of written stories (Creswell &Poth, 2018). One challenge with narrative research is the potential bias introduced by subjective interpretations of participants' stories.
Phenomenological
A phenomenological study describes the ordinary meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon. In the process, they reflect on essential themes, such as what constitutes the nature of this lived experience. Phenomenology is a description and interpretive process in which the researcher interprets the meaning of the lived experiences.
There are many phenomenological approaches, but two significant approaches to phenomenological research are transcendental or psychological phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology, widely cited in health literature. In transcendental phenomenology, the researcher aims to understand the phenomenon by using experience. In hermeneutic phenomenology, the researcher interprets a phenomenon's experiences and interactions.
The procedure consists of identifying a phenomenon to study, bracketing out one's experiences, and collecting data from several persons who have experienced the phenomenon. A phenomenological study aims to study the lived and shared experiences of a common group to identify a phenomenon. The researcher collects interviews from individuals with a shared experience and explores how the participants experienced the same event. Phenomenology can involve a streamlined form of data collection by including only single or multiple participant interviews. (Creswell & Poth, 2018)
Grounded
Grounded theory research has a sociological background created by researchers who felt research should be grounded in data (Creswell & Poth, 2018). Data collection consists of determination for appropriate design, specific interview questions, theory emerging data collection, the structure of the various approaches, open coding, selective coding, articulating a substantive level theory, and presenting the theory as a discussion or model. (Creswell & Poth, 2018). The theory has two approaches: systematic and constructivist. The systematic approach procedures are linear and routine, while the constructivist approach is a co-constructive process of theory development that depends on interactions between the researcher and participants. Challenges surrounding grounded theory are recognizing the systematic approach. The theory involves the researcher's need to put aside their personal and theoretical notions so the research can provide an analytic, substantive theory (Creswell &Poth, 2018).
Ethnographic
Ethnographic theory research is an approach that has an anthropology background in which researchers are interested in studying individuals who have developed a shared pattern of behavior, beliefs, and language. It focuses on a culture-sharing group (Creswell &Poth,2018). The two most popular types of this theory are realist and critical ethnography. The realistic approach is a traditional method that reflects a specific attitude taken by the researcher toward the study participant. The critical approach is usually the approach the researcher embarks upon when they desire to speak against inequality and domination.
When it comes to Data collection, Data in observer research is often primarily based on observer notes, logs, and diaries. However, additional data may be found in published and unpublished documents, papers, books, public records, letters, photographs, and videos. The aspect of collecting this data is that the more one has, the more effort it requires to analyze. The challenge of ethnographic research is the need for researchers to truly understand the culture being researched. The researcher needs to understand cultural anthropology, the meaning of social cultural systems, and concepts explored by studying cultures. ((Creswell & Poth,2018.). The funding aspect may impact the study by limiting the time researchers have to complete the study of the culture (Creswell & Poth,2018).
Case Study
A case study approach involves the study of a case or cases to find themes in those cases (Creswell & Poth, 2018). A case study can focus on one person, a group, an organization, or an event. Case study research is used in many disciplines, including social sciences, education, health, business, and law. There are three types of case studies: instrumental case study, collective case study, and intrinsic case study. An instrumental case study is an inquiry into one specific instance among many. It is used to accomplish something other than understanding a particular situation. It provides insight into an issue or helps to refine a theory. The collective case study involves studying multiple cases simultaneously. An intrinsic case study is typically undertaken to learn about a unique phenomenon.
One of the challenges inherent in qualitative case study development is that the researcher must identify the case. The case selected may be broad in scope or narrow in scope. Among the concerns that have historically plagued case study research are focused on rigor; certainly, evidence of poor-quality case study research exists, and it is by providing illustrative examples that we can continue to curtail such practices.
Chosen Approach
After reading about different approaches to theory research, I firmly believe that the phenomenological approach will suit the kind of research topic that I have picked. The effect of depression on African immigrant youth migrated to the United States. However, Phenomenological research is one of many qualitative research methods, an inquiry method designed to explore human and social phenomenon research to describe several individuals' shared experiences. (Creswell & Poth,2018) A Phenomenological approach will put me in a better position to speak to and get the story of the challenges of African youth, their mental state, and what they have encountered as they migrated to the United States. The way to collect data from the youth who are depressed is by using an interviewing approach, that is, conducting in-depth interviews in which I will be able to gather data and highlight common themes of the individuals. The main concept of the phenomenological approach is to identify common themes among the shared experiences of African immigrant youth and describe the phenomenon. However, during the research, I must bracket myself off from the study so that my personal beliefs or experiences do not interfere with the research. At the end of the findings as a researcher, I will present my findings in written form, for example, as a video or slides, to the public.
Reference
Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N. (2018) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing among Five Approaches. 4th Edition,